Children Exposed to Violence (2024)

Exposure to violence, whether directly or as a bystander, can have far-reaching, negative consequences for children.

The goal of our activities related to children exposed to violence is to increase evidence-based knowledge and ultimately inform the development and enhancement of strategies to reduce the impact of violence on children and youth. Our research agenda takes a broad, public health approach to violence and victimization. It emphasizes the significant negative effects of exposure to violence as well as the positive outcomes associated with the disruption of violence.

In addition to funding external research, NIJ:

Why Researching Children’s Exposure to Violence Is Important

Children may experience violence in many settings, including at home, in school, online or in neighborhoods, and in many forms, such as bullying or harassment by peers, domestic violence, child maltreatment and community violence.[1] Exposure to violence can harm a child’s emotional, psychological and even physical development. Children exposed to violence are more likely to have difficulty in school, abuse drugs or alcohol, act aggressively, suffer from depression or other mental health problems and engage in criminal behavior as adults.

Research also shows that disrupting violence is associated with positive outcomes for children and that interventions to improve parent-child relationships can decrease harmful effects and improve a child’s development. NIJ’s research on children exposed to violence informs the development of programs, practices and policies that prevent violence or reduce its impact on children and youth.

NIJ’s Relationship to the Defending Childhood Initiative

The U.S. Department of Justice’s Defending Childhood Initiative aims to prevent children’s exposure to violence, reduce negative outcomes and raise awareness. The department funded eight sites around the country to adopt comprehensive strategies that respond to and prevent children’s exposure to violence. NIJ-supported process and outcome evaluations of six of these sites produced recommendations for sites, funders and technical assistance providers and provided insights into implementing, funding and sustaining programs.

Learn more about the evaluations:

Children Exposed to Violence (2024)

FAQs

Children Exposed to Violence? ›

Children exposed to violence are more likely to have difficulty in school, abuse drugs or alcohol, act aggressively, suffer from depression or other mental health problems and engage in criminal behavior as adults.

What are the effects of children exposed to violence? ›

Children exposed to violence are more likely to have difficulty in school, abuse drugs or alcohol, act aggressively, suffer from depression or other mental health problems and engage in criminal behavior as adults.

When children are exposed to violence and traumatic events? ›

The prevalence of PTSD has been reported among poor urban adolescents. Childhood exposure to trauma and violence increases the probability of developing depression, anxiety, sleeping disorders, PTSD, and eating disorders [6]. Violence can be encountered through direct or indirect means.

When children have been exposed to community violence? ›

What are the effects of community violence? If affected by violence, a child may have to cope with physical, medical, or mental health problems, including depression, anxiety, or PTSD. Some people think that young children are not harmed by community violence because they are too young to understand or remember.

How many children are exposed to violence in the home? ›

Approximately four million referrals for alleged maltreatment are made to child protective agencies each year. Researchers have estimated that between 3.3 million and 10 million children are exposed to adult domestic violence each year.

What are the long term effects of child violence? ›

The research found that children who suffered severe adversity in childhood – violence, abject poverty, substance abuse in the home, child abuse and neglect – were far more likely to suffer long-term intellectual, behavioral, and physical and mental health problems.

How does violence affect a child's brain? ›

WASHINGTON — Living in neighborhoods with high levels of violence can affect children's development by changing the way that a part of the brain detects and responds to potential threats, potentially leading to poorer mental health and other negative outcomes, according to research published by the American ...

How does a traumatized child act? ›

Such a child may seem “spacey”, detached, distant, or out of touch with reality. Complexly traumatized children are more likely to engage in high-risk behaviors, such as self-harm, unsafe sexual practices, and excessive risk-taking such as operating a vehicle at high speeds.

How can you tell if a child has experienced trauma? ›

Signs of Child Traumatic Stress
  1. Fearing separation from parents or caregivers.
  2. Crying and/or screaming a lot.
  3. Eating poorly and losing weight.
  4. Having nightmares.
Oct 3, 2023

How does an abusive childhood affect adulthood? ›

Some of the symptoms of survivors syndrome include: Relationship problems—fighting, blaming, mistrusting, poor communication skills, difficulty with intimacy. Low self-esteem—self doubt, self blame, shame. Self-sabotage—self-destructive or self-mutilating behavior.

How do you handle a child which is traumatized by exposure to violence? ›

Encourage your children to discuss the violence. Allow them to express what they are feeling, including fear, anxiety, or anger. Listen as they talk about it, again and again if necessary. See Parenting After Trauma: Understanding Your Child's Needs for more information.

How a child exposed to trauma may show distress? ›

Traumatic experiences can initiate strong emotions and physical reactions that can persist long after the event. Children may feel terror, helplessness, or fear, as well as physiological reactions such as heart pounding, vomiting, or loss of bowel or bladder control.

What can happen if your child is exposed to ongoing conflict? ›

Witnessing or becoming involved in conflicts between parents is associated with poorer mental health, increased stress, behavior problems, and poorer school functioning for both children and adolescents. Children are highly sensitive and attuned to how their parents get along.

How can exposure to violence affect children? ›

Children exposed to violence are more likely to abuse drugs and alcohol; suffer from depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic disorders; fail or have difficulty in school; and become delinquent and engage in criminal behavior.

How common is it for children to experience abuse? ›

Facts about Child Abuse:

1 out of 3 girls and 1 out of 5 boys will be sexually abused before they reach age 18. 90% of child sexual abuse victims know the perpetrator in some way. 68% are abused by a family member. Most children become victims of abuse and neglect at 18 months or younger.

Who are the most physically abused children? ›

Children ages 0-3 are most susceptible to physical abuse and serious injuries. Every day, five children die from child abuse. Most children are under three years old.

How does violent content affect children? ›

This applies to both real and fictional violence that they might see on-screen. Violence that children absorb through TV, social media, movies, games, and other entertainment can: Raise their levels of fear, anxiety, depression, and other mental health issues. Desensitize them to the pain and suffering of others.

What are the effects of risk of harm on children? ›

Children may experience a range of emotional, psychological and physical problems and trauma as a result of being abused or neglected. All forms of abuse are likely to result in emotional problems for the child, in particular, a lack of self-esteem and distrust of adults.

What are the effects of children being exposed to inappropriate content? ›

Exposure to sexually explicit material may:

Lead a child to normalize and become desensitized to high risk behaviour. Shape a child's expectations in relationships. Shape a child's expectations of physical appearances and certain sexual acts. Blur boundaries and increase a child's risk of victimization.

What are the effects of children exposed to parental conflict? ›

Exposure to couple conflict can affect children of all ages (including babies) and can manifest itself as increased anxiety, depression, aggression, hostility, anti-social behaviour and criminality as well as deficits in academic attainment.

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