Bronfenbrenner's ecological model is a framework that can be utilized to understand the complex systems that influence human development. In particular, this model emphasizes the importance of environmental factors and social influences in shaping development and behavior.
The model takes a holistic approach, suggesting that child development involves a dynamic interaction between environment, societal, biological, and psychological factors. In Bronfenbrenner's model, there is a reciprocal interplay between the individual and the various levels of influence that affect development.
Introduction to the Bronfenbrenner Ecological Model
The theory suggests that a child's development is affected by the different environments that they encounter during their life, including biological, interpersonal, societal, and cultural factors.
What Does Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model Describe?
This model describes the interactions between individuals and their environments and how these complex relationships affect development over time. According to this model, many interconnected systems make up a person's environment that all interact to influence and shape how people grow and respond.
The factors that influence development include a person's immediate setting and the broader culture in which they live.
The theory stresses the interdependency and interaction between people and their environments. Bronfenbrenner suggested that more nurturing and encouraging environments led to better developmental outcomes.
History and Development of the Model
This model, also known as the ecological systems theory, was introduced by Russian-American psychologist Urie Bronfenbrenner. Bronfenbrenner was born in Russia and immigrated to the United States when he was six. His early experiences shaped his ideas about how children adjust to new environments and how factors such as environment, language, and culture can play a part in how children learn and grow.
Bronfenbrenner earned his PhD in developmental psychology from the University of Michigan in 1942. He began developing his influential theory during the 1970s and presented his ideas in his 1979 book "The Ecology of Human Development: Experiments by Nature and Design." The book elaborated the key aspects of his theory.
Over time, Bronfenbrenner continued refining his ideas. In addition to emphasizing the importance of understanding how humans develop within their environmental contexts, he also stressed that this influence is bidirectional; humans also actively shape their surroundings.
Ecological systems theory has gained widespread acceptance, significantly influencing developmental psychology and related disciplines. The theory has also been applied in many different contexts, including family therapy, education, political policy, and social work.
Bronfenbrenner died in 2005, but his theory continues to profoundly influence our understanding of the dynamic interactions that affect how humans develop and change during childhood and throughout their lives.
Five Ecological Systems in Bronfenbrenner’s Model
Bronfenbrenner's theory is organized into a series of five nested systems or levels. The five main elements of Bronfenbrenner’s theory are the microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, macrosystem, and chronosystem.
You can visualize the framework by imagining the individual at the center of a circle, surrounded by five concentric rings starting with the first circle (the microsystem) and expanding outward to the outermost circle (the chronosystem).
Microsystem
The microsystem is the innermost level, composed of an individual's immediate environment. It includes the people the person interacts with daily, including their family members, friends, classmates, teachers, and others.
The microsystem has the most direct, immediate impact on the individual.
The relationships and interactions within the microsystem are also bidirectional; people are influenced by their close contacts, but they also affect the people and environments around them. Because of these relationships' close, direct nature, they have a powerful effect on shaping an individual’s development and behavior.
Personal characteristics, including mental abilities, physical attributes, temperament, and personality, also impact a person's development.
A proposed update to Bronfenbrenner's theory suggests two types of microsystems: physical and virtual. Given the importance of digital influences on young people today, it is essential to recognize how virtual environments may influence child development.
Recap
The microsystem accounts for the experiences that directly involve and affect the individual and shape their behavior, learning, values, and beliefs.
Mesosystem
The mesosystem is the next level of the model, comprised of all the relationships and interactions between the microsystems. Examples of mesosystems in a child’s life include the interactions between their family and school or between their friends and family.
Like the microsystem, the mesosystem has a direct effect on the individual.
The different microsystems are connected at this level. This means that changes in one microsystem can then impact other microsystems.
In other words, how these elements interact can influence how a child develops. For example, a child's family and school interaction can impact learning and academic performance.
Exosystem
The exosystem refers to environments in which the individual is not an active participant but still impacts development. This level encompasses the social context in which a person lives and other aspects of the environment, including government policies, social services, community resources, and mass media.
The individual does not have direct contact with these influences, but they still shape how a child develops.
For example, government policies and community resources impact a child's access to healthcare, quality child care, and education.
Macrosystem
The macrosystem involves the broader society and cultural forces that contribute to individual development. Important components of this level of Bronfenbrenner's theory include values, social norms, customs, traditions, ideology, and cultural beliefs.
These cultural beliefs are often shared by groups of people with a similar history or identity. Such beliefs can also shift over time. Such beliefs can also vary based on geographic location and socioeconomic status.
Chronosystem
The chronosystem is the outermost level of the model, accounting for the role that time plays in influencing individual development. This includes personal experiences that occur over the course of life, the various life transitions that people experience, historical events, and societal changes.
Challenges and transitions that can affect development, including the birth of siblings, moving to a new place, parental divorce, and the death of family members, can affect the family's dynamic or structure.
The model recognizes that environments are not static; they change over time, and these changes can have a significant effect on how people develop.
Interactions Among the Systems: A Dynamic View
The interactions between different systems in Bronfenbrenner's theory interact in intricate, bidirectional ways. The changes in one level can have a resounding impact on the other levels.
Examples of Bronfenbrenner's Ecological Model
You can better understand the different levels of Bronfenbrenner’s model by looking at examples of influences at each level:
| Microsystem | Home life Parents School Friends Siblings Neighborhood Childcare Religion |
| Mesosystem | Interaction between kids, teachers, and parents Interaction between friends and siblings Interaction between neighborhood and family Interaction between daycare and family |
| Exosystem | Extended family members Mass media Social services Local government Parents' workplace Family friends |
| Macrosystem | Values Attitudes Laws and legal systems Customs Ideologies Political systems and policies Nationality |
| Chronosystem | Historical events Environmental changes Parents employment status Societal economic changes Changes in family structure |
Each system within the model interacts with other systems in complex ways. A child's family (microsystem), for example, can impact how they interact with others at school (microsystem). The relationship between these microsystems (the mesosystem), can then impact a child's behavior and academic success.
These systems don't just interact with the levels that proceed or follow them. And interactions that occur at one level can have cascading effects on other levels of influence
For example, workplace stress can impact how parents interact with their children at home. And economic changes that occur in a society (chronosystem) can influence the type of resources that are available in communities (exosystem), which can then play a role in the dynamics within individual families (microsystem).
By examining these influences more closely, we can gain a better appreciation of the dynamic interactions and interdependencies between the different levels of Bronfenbrenner's theory.
The Relevance of the Model Today
Bronfenbrenner's theory significantly impacted how researchers, psychologists, and educators view human development. The ecological model continues to inform our understanding of how children develop and how different aspects of their environment may positively or negatively impact their growth.
The framework’s holistic approach emphasizes the need to understand all aspects of a person's environment to appreciate the complex, interrelated factors that influence their development.
Some of the ways in which Bronfenbrenner's model has influenced our understanding of human development include:
Education
The theory has been applied extensively within the field of education to help design effective learning environments that emphasize the classroom experience and focus on the influence of families, communities, societies, and the broader culture.
The early childhood education program, Head Start, is an example of an intervention informed by Bronfenbrenner's model. First introduced in 1965, Urie Bronfennbrenner served as a government advisor for the development of the program. The program takes a holistic approach and supports infants, toddlers, and preschoolers to promote school readiness.
Research suggests the program has numerous benefits, including the long-term effects of increased high school completion, college enrollment, and college completion.
Mental Health Care
The ecological model also plays a role in informing mental health care. Mental health treatments that take a holistic approach often lead to better outcomes. And looking at the community, societal, and cultural influences that affect a person's development and well-being can help mental health professionals understand the issues people face.
The framework has also affected approaches to mental health, both in terms of treatment and public policy. For example, it has contributed to the development of the ecological approach to counseling, which focuses on understanding personal and environmental factors when treating mental health issues.
Cultural Sensitivity
Because the model stresses how cultural factors can influence development, it can support greater cultural sensitivity among therapists, educators, and others.
Understanding ecological factors, for example, can produce greater cultural competency among therapists who work with diverse populations.
Summary
Bronfenbrenner's ecological model offers a comprehensive framework for understanding the many factors that affect development. In addiction to describing the different levels of influence, the ecological model also describes the dynamic interaction that occurs between the different levels, from the direct relationships at the microsystem level through the broader societal, cultural, and temporal factors that play a role.
Understanding these influences and their complex connections is important. By doing so, parents, educators, social program developers, and policy makers can gain greater insight and create supportive interventions that foster healthy development.
12 Sources
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By Kendra Cherry, MSEd
Kendra Cherry, MS, is a psychosocial rehabilitation specialist, psychology educator, and author of the "Everything Psychology Book."
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